[27]:viii He continued painting Jewish motifs and subjects from his memories of Vitebsk, although he included Parisian scenes—- the Eiffel Tower in particular, along with portraits. He enrolled in a prestigious art school and studied there for two years. Ed. "The most obviously constant element is his gift for happiness and his instinctive compassion, which even in the most serious subjects prevents him from dramatization..."[23]:89 Musicians have been a constant during all stages of his work. He has unveiled possibilities unsuspected by an art that had lost touch with the Bible, and in doing so he has achieved a wholly new synthesis of Jewish culture long ignored by painting." By 1946, his artwork was becoming more widely recognized. Cogniat considers them to be "his greatest work in the field of stained glass", although Virginia Haggard McNeil records Chagall's disappointment that they were to be lit with artificial light, and so would not change according to the conditions of natural light. "[27]:xii Leymarie describes the physical and spiritual significance of the windows: The essence of the Jerusalem Windows lies in color, in Chagall's magical ability to animate material and transform it into light. [26]:10, Sweeney writes that "This is Chagall's contribution to contemporary art: the reawakening of a poetry of representation, avoiding factual illustration on the one hand, and non-figurative abstractions on the other". Expressionist, cubist, abstract, and surrealist art—anything intellectual, Jewish, foreign, socialist-inspired, or difficult to understand—was targeted, from Picasso and Matisse going back to Cézanne and van Gogh; in its place traditional German realism, accessible and open to patriotic interpretation, was extolled. L'avvicinarsi dell'inizio del conflitto mondiale fa rientrare Marc Chagall a … [7] In 1924, he travelled to Brittany and painted La fenêtre sur l'Île-de-Bréhat. Varian Fry, the American journalist, and Hiram Bingham IV, the American Vice-Consul in Marseilles, ran a rescue operation to smuggle artists and intellectuals out of Europe to the US by providing them with forged visas to the US. [citation needed] Chagall wrote of these early years: Day after day, winter and summer, at six o'clock in the morning, my father got up and went off to the synagogue. La vita di Marc Chagall è ricca di disavventure, viaggi, storie d’amore e curiosità. Marc Chagall funziona - onirico e personaleMark Chagall era un artista francese di origine bielorussa i cui dipinti evocano principalmente associazioni simbolico-emotive e cercano meno sostegno nelle basi artistiche tradizionali.Marc Chagall è interessato molto presto all'arte e al disegno biografiaNato in Bielorussia nel 1877, Marc Chagall ha sviluppato un precoce interesse per le belle arti. Over the next ten years Chagall designed the remaining eleven windows, made again in collaboration with the glassworker Charles Marq in his workshop at Reims in northern France. Marc Chagall (1887-1985) scrisse "La mia vita" in lingua russa tra il 1921 e il 1922, poco prima di lasciare definitivamente Mosca dopo l'esperienza esaltante e dolorosa della Rivoluzione, e nello stesso periodo compose i disegni che accompagnano il testo. "[23]:66 These changes appealed to Chagall who had been experimenting with Cubism and wanted a way to enliven his images. Wullschlager describes the early effects on art: The Nazis had begun their campaign against modernist art as soon as they seized power. He experienced modernism's "golden age" in Paris, where "he synthesized the art forms of Cubism, Symbolism, and Fauvism, and the influence of Fauvism gave rise to Surrealism". Space and emptiness. However, "night after night he painted until dawn", only then going to bed for a few hours, and resisted the many temptations of the big city at night. He is perhaps the only artist today I could get along with without having to say a single word.[8]:337. What other great country has saved a million and a half Jews from Hitler's hands, and shared its last piece of bread? Bakst moved to Paris a year later. He is above all one of the great colourists of our time... many of his canvases and the Opera ceiling represent sublime images that rank among the finest poetry of our time, just as Titian produced the finest poetry of his day. A year later he married Bella Rosenfeld and they had their first child, Ida. Shishanov / / Marc Chagall and St. Petersburg. [21] He belonged to the "Vitebsk" lodge. Chagall described his love of circus people: Why am I so touched by their makeup and grimaces? Their movement within the city was also restricted. [43] Art historian Franz Meyer points out that one of the main reasons for the unconventional nature of his work is related to the hassidism which inspired the world of his childhood and youth and had actually impressed itself on most Eastern European Jews since the 18th century. Chagall and his family were invited to stay at Dizengoff's house in Tel Aviv, which later became Independence Hall of the State of Israel. Finita la guerra e passata la tempesta dell'Olocausto (che la sua anima sensibile non gli aveva permesso di dipingere direttamente, ma di evocare attraverso opere allegoriche), nel 1948 Chagall fa ritorno in Europa e, dopo un breve soggiorno a Parigi, nel 1949 si stabilisce ad Orgeval. Al di sopra della realtà, oltre l’apparenza, Marc Chagall (Vitebsk 1887 ; Saint-Paul-de-Vence 1985) sapeva dare vita e corpo ai propri sogni, alle proprie fantasie che imprimeva con forza e insolita eleganza sulla tela. . Marc Chagall (1941) in una fotografia di Carl Van Vechten Le opere di Marc Chagall sono poesie su tela: i colori vivaci, i soggetti onirici e surreali, il tratto semplice e genuino lascia nello spettatore una sensazione di pace e serenità spingendolo a un’immediata empatia con l’autore. It has been revived multiple times, most recently in 2020 with Emma Rice directing a production which was live-streamed from the Bristol Old Vic and then made available for on-demand viewing, in partnership with theaters around the world. Forestier, Sylvie, Nathalie Hazan-Brunet, Dominique Jarrassé, Benoit Marq, Meret Meyer. In April 1952, Virginia Haggard left Chagall for the photographer Charles Leirens; she went on to become a professional photographer herself. In seguito a questo episodio, Chagall scrive una lettera in cui afferma di essere preoccupato non per i suoi lavori, bensì per la salvezza di Israele, vista la sua origine ebraica. Ecco dieci cose che forse non sapevate su Marc Chagall! But it was the images and memories of his early years in Belarus that would sustain his art for more than 70 years.[14]:13. Chagall nei suoi lavori si ispirava alla vita popolare della Russia europea e ritrasse numerosi episodi biblici che rispecchiano la sua cultura ebraica. She offered the headmaster 50 roubles to let him attend, which he accepted. Marc Chagall la vita e le opere Marc Chagall fu un artista russo di origini ebraiche che nel 1910 si trasferì a Parigi dove fece parte del gruppo di artisti indicato come Scuola di Parigi. All Saints' Church, Tudeley is the only church in the world to have all its twelve windows decorated by Chagall. [23]:57, After a while he began to settle in New York, which was full of writers, painters, and composers who, like himself, had fled from Europe during the Nazi invasions. I did not live with you, but I didn't have one single painting that didn't breathe with your spirit and reflection.[20]. Vitebsk itself had been a centre of that culture dating from the 1730s with its teachings derived from the Kabbalah. He would spend his free hours visiting galleries and salons, especially the Louvre; artists he came to admire included Rembrandt, the Le Nain brothers, Chardin, van Gogh, Renoir, Pissarro, Matisse, Gauguin, Courbet, Millet, Manet, Monet, Delacroix, and others. Aug 4, 2019 - For Sale on 1stDibs - Original Vintage Travel Poster For Nice Soleil Fleurs Marc Chagall Sun Flowers, Paper by Marc Chagall. Some of the last things he's done in Vence convince me that there's never been anybody since Renoir who has the feeling for light that Chagall has."[40]. He wants to help me weep and recite chapters of Psalms.[20]:114–115. Yet throughout these phases of his style "he remained most emphatically a Jewish artist, whose work was one long dreamy reverie of life in his native village of Vitebsk. [59] It was during this period in the Russian theatre that formerly static ideas of stage design were, according to Cogniat, "being swept away in favor of a wholly arbitrary sense of space with different dimensions, perspectives, colors and rhythms. This inspired him to begin creating etchings for a series of illustrated books, including Gogol's Dead Souls, the Bible, and the La Fontaine's Fables. [36], Even before arriving in the United States in 1941, Chagall was awarded the Carnegie Prize third prize in 1939 for "Les Fiancés". [32] By 1926 he had his first exhibition in the United States at the Reinhardt gallery of New York which included about 100 works, although he did not travel to the opening. Il 2 settembre 1944 l'amatissima Bella, soggetto frequente nei suoi dipinti e compagna di vita, morì per un'infezione virale mal curata. "Whatever Happened to Marc Chagall? However, this would soon prove to be difficult as a few of the key faculty members preferred a Suprematist art of squares and circles, and disapproved of Chagall's attempt at creating "bourgeois individualism". È qui che si forma, qui che elabora la sua poetica, sempre ispirata alla vita popolare russa e alla tradizione e cultura ebraica a cui appartiene, come dimostrano le numerose opere dedicate alla Bib… Shishanov, V.A. One thing to watch for: the Winery Boutique hocks more than just wine. Before World War I, he travelled between Saint Petersburg, Paris, and Berlin. As a result, he immersed himself in "the history of the Jews, their trials, prophecies, and disasters", notes Wullschlager. Chagall nei suoi lavori si ispirava alla vita popolare della Russia europea e ritrasse numerosi episodi biblici che rispecchiano la sua cultura ebraica. Picasso and Matisse were also invited to come to America but they decided to remain in France. Biografia e vita di Marc Chagall (1887-1985) Marc Chagall , il cui vero nome era Moishe Segal nasce a Liosno, presso Vitebsk nella odierna Bielorussia il 7 Luglio 1887, primo di … The window is about 15 feet (4.6 m) wide and 12 feet (3.7 m) high and contains symbols of peace and love along with musical symbols. My enemy forced me to take the road of exile. [20]:89, On 2 September 1944, Bella died suddenly due to a virus infection, which was not treated due to the wartime shortage of medicine. Wullschlager notes, however, that whereas Delacroix and Matisse had found inspiration in the exoticism of North Africa, he as a Jew in Israel had different perspective. Chagall enthusiastically reviewed their many different tendencies, having to rethink his position as an artist and decide what creative avenue he wanted to pursue. ...You thought: "I can see, I am etched in the boy's heart, but he is still 'flying,' he is still striving to take off, he has 'wind' in his head." — Marc Chagall. [46] In 1967 he dedicated a stained-glass window to John D. Rockefeller in the Union Church of Pocantico Hills, New York. Shock waves crossed the Atlantic... as Paris had until then been equated with civilization throughout the non-Nazi world. [12], A turning point of his artistic life came when he first noticed a fellow student drawing. The windows symbolize the twelve tribes of Israel who were blessed by Jacob and Moses in the verses which conclude Genesis and Deuteronomy. The museum was created during Chagall’s lifetime and houses the series of seventeen paintings illustrating the biblical message, painted by Chagall … It was in Paris that he learned the technique of gouache, which he used to paint Belarusian scenes. In questo periodo, nel disordine del suo studio e sempre a corto di cibo e mezzi dipinse i suoi primi capolavori, nei quali il ricordo di casa e dello Shtetl è predominante: Alla Russia, agli asini e agli altri, Il Santo vetturino, Io e il villaggio. I feel panicky, especially in front of butchers' windows. Chagall then resigned as commissar and moved to Moscow. Each of the twelve windows is approximately 11 feet high and 8 feet (2.4 m) wide, much larger than anything he had done before. In 1964 he repainted the ceiling of the Paris Opera using 2,400 square feet (220 m2) of canvas. [13]:33, During his time in Paris, Chagall was constantly reminded of his home in Vitebsk, as Paris was also home to many painters, writers, poets, composers, dancers, and other émigrés from the Russian Empire. Music played an important role in shaping the subjects of his work. [12], One of the main sources of income of the Jewish population of the town was from the manufacture of clothing that was sold throughout the Russian Empire. Most of what is known about Chagall's early life has come from his autobiography, My Life. "[8]:388 Yet the attachment of the Chagalls to France "blinded them to the urgency of the situation. "[23], He was able to convey striking images using only two or three colors. Marc Chagall's Famous Belarusians page on Official Website of The Republic of Belarus, "Marc Chagall (1887–1985) and Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971), a painter and a composer facing similar twentieth-century challenges, a parallel. [8]:382 Their only refuge could be America, but "they could not afford the passage to New York" or the large bond that each immigrant had to provide upon entry to ensure that they would not become a financial burden to the country. It is amazing the way the French resent foreigners. US$ 302.36. Because of the international acclaim he enjoyed and the popularity of his art, a number of countries have issued commemorative stamps in his honor depicting examples from his works. His "animal/human hybrids and airborne phantoms" would later become a formative influence on Surrealism. He finally came back to France after the end of the Second World War in 1949. As the city was built mostly of wood, little of it survived years of occupation and destruction during World War II. It was 1906, and he had noticed the studio of Yehuda (Yuri) Pen, a realist artist who also operated a small drawing school in Vitebsk, which included the future artists El Lissitzky and Ossip Zadkine. 10.02.2020 - Erkunde Christa Ruthardts Pinnwand „Chagall“ auf Pinterest. It surpasses anything Chagall has done on the easel scale, and it is a breathtaking experience, of a kind one hardly expects in the theatre.[39]. I like America and the Americans... people there are frank. I want to say to my friends in France that she joins me in this greeting, she who loved France and French art so faithfully. After experimenting with pottery and dishes he moved into large ceramic murals. Several of Chagall's paintings inspired the musical; contrary to popular belief, the "title of the musical does not refer to any specific painting". Chagall's set designs helped create illusory atmospheres which became the essence of the theatrical performances.[60]. Chagall ended up staying in the Holy Land for two months. [2][1] An early modernist, he was associated with several major artistic styles and created works in a wide range of artistic formats, including painting, drawings, book illustrations, stained glass, stage sets, ceramics, tapestries and fine art prints. Storia dell'arte — Vita, opere più importanti e stile del pittore Chagall, più commento alla sua opera "Il Martire" . Il colore diventa così elemento libero e indipendente dalla forma. He surmises that Chagall, as a result of his Russian background, often used Russian icons in his paintings, with their interpretations of Christian symbols. [13]:150 Ida and her husband Michel followed on the notorious refugee ship SS Navemar with a large case of Chagall's work. Marc Chagall nasce il 7 luglio 1887 a Vitebsk, un piccolo villaggio russo, dalle tradizioni ebraiche.. Marc Chagall: la vita. [1] Nelle opere dell'artista ritorna spesso il periodo dell'infanzia, felice nonostante le tristi condizioni degli ebrei russi sotto il dominio degli zar e il cui onnipresente ricordo condizionerà tutta l'opera futura. [8]:350, Chagall saw the Old Testament as a "human story, ... not with the creation of the cosmos but with the creation of man, and his figures of angels are rhymed or combined with human ones", writes Wullschlager. [28] Baal-Teshuva writes that "Chagall's dream of Paris, the city of light and above all, of freedom, had come true. "[63], Chagall's final work was a commissioned piece of art for the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago. These tapestries are much rarer than his paintings, with only 40 of them ever reaching the commercial market. He died that evening. 1. Described by art critic Robert Hughes as "the quintessential Jewish artist of the twentieth century," the Russian-French modernist Marc Chagall worked in nearly every artistic medium. Chagall was too old to attend the London opening and died a few months later. Marc Chagall, 'Now the King loved science and geometry...' Color lithograph 14 1/2 x 11 inches 1948 'Four Tales from the Arabian Nights,' Plate 10. In the synagogue, where the windows are distributed in the same way, the tribes form a symbolic guard of honor around the tabernacle. "What he was really searching for there was not external stimulus but an inner authorization from the land of his ancestors, to plunge into his work on the Bible illustrations". Cogniat notes that they are realistic and give the impression of firsthand experience by capturing a moment in time with action, often with a dramatic image. Marc Chagall, la biografia di Marc Chagall, le opere create, le date degli eventi e delle mostre d'arte in programma. This resulted in his founding the Vitebsk Arts College which, adds Lewis, became the "most distinguished school of art in the Soviet Union". Viaggio nella bibbia".[3]. The final canvas was nearly 2,400 square feet (220 sq. The copy is colourful and adds depth to the story behind the paintings. A publisher of Chagall biography notes: "Marc Chagall's art transforms the visible world, human emotions, and the realm of dream and memory into unforgettable pictorial poetry. Half of the population were Jewish. Where did he get it? He walked the streets of the city's Jewish quarter to again feel the earlier atmosphere. Tesina su Marc Chagall. According to Jacob Baal-Teshuva, "he was impressed by the pioneering spirit of the people in the kibbutzim and deeply moved by the Wailing Wall and the other holy places". Fu molto vicino alla Scuola di Parigi e ai suoi esponenti, come Amedeo Modigliani. I'd be so happy!" Generally, it was his boyhood of living in a Belarusian provincial town that gave him a continual source of imaginative stimuli. [58] From 2005 to 2010, the windows were moved due to nearby construction on a new wing of the Art Institute, and for archival cleaning. [7] A picturesque city of churches and synagogues, it was called "Russian Toledo", after the cosmopolitan city of the former Spanish Empire. Lì vivevano i più grandi artisti dell’inizio del Novecento. Chagall then devoted the next two years to the task, and upon completion in 1961 the windows were exhibited in Paris and then the Museum of Modern Art in New York. He was able to see again the murals he long ago made for the Jewish Theatre. The young Chagall explained, "There's a place in town; if I'm admitted and if I complete the course, I'll come out a regular artist. Years later, at the age of 57 while living in the United States, Chagall confirmed this when he published an open letter entitled, "To My City Vitebsk": Why? Also in 1977, the government of France awarded him its highest honour, the. and comp. "[8]:389 Many other well-known Russian and Jewish artists eventually sought to escape: these included Chaim Soutine, Max Ernst, Max Beckmann, Ludwig Fulda, author Victor Serge and prize-winning author Vladimir Nabokov, who although not Jewish himself, was married to a Jewish woman. Vita:Marc Chagall. Childhood was ending fast, perhaps too fast for Chagall's liking. Penny L. Remsen "Chagall, Marc" in Thomas J Mikotowicz, CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. Un'altra importante antologica si tiene nel 1954 alla Galleria Maeght. Vedi tutte le foto e le immagini di Marc Chagall, leggi tutte le notizie e le informazioni su Marc Chagall, vedi la mappa e la guida della città e scopri come raggiungere i musei. As an adult, he was not a practicing Jew, but through his paintings and stained glass, he continually tried to suggest a more "universal message", using both Jewish and Christian themes. Vedi tutte le foto e le immagini di Marc Chagall, leggi tutte le notizie e le informazioni su Marc Chagall, vedi la mappa e la guida della città e scopri come raggiungere i musei. Me lo scelgo come mio bisnonno, e lo aggiung Chagall è stato davvero un uomo pazzesco, incredibile, credo unico al mondo. La tela di Chagall Otello e Desdemona, di proprietà di privati, fu rubata a New York nel 1988 e rimase nascosta in un barile fino al 2018, quando venne recuperata dall'FBI. He found "something very closely related to his own nature", and did all the color detail for the sets while there. Chagall began learning about ceramics and sculpture while living in south France. The pieces, The Sources of Music and The Triumph of Music, which hang from the top-most balcony level and extend down to the Grand Tier lobby level, were completed in France and shipped to New York, and are covered by a system of panels during the hours in which the opera house receives direct sunlight to prevent fading. Ceramics became a fashion in the Côte d'Azur with various workshops starting up at Antibes, Vence and Vallauris. . The last windows were installed in 1985, just before Chagall's death. This ballet would stage the words of Alexander Pushkin's verse narrative The Gypsies with the music of Tchaikovsky. [13]:135 Leymarie has described these drawings by Chagall as "monumental" and, ...full of divine inspiration, which retrace the legendary destiny and the epic history of Israel to Genesis to the Prophets, through the Patriarchs and the Heroes. After returning to Paris from one of his trips, Vollard commissioned Chagall to illustrate the Old Testament. During this period he traveled throughout France and the Côte d'Azur, where he enjoyed the landscapes, colorful vegetation, the blue Mediterranean Sea, and the mild weather. Walther and Metzger try to summarize Chagall's contribution to art: His life and art together added up to this image of a lonesome visionary, a citizen of the world with much of the child still in him, a stranger lost in wonder—an image which the artist did everything to cultivate. Yet he went on to establish himself in the sophisticated world of "elegant artistic salons. Je les ferai tous!" No more bread. After being in America he discovered that he had already achieved "international stature", writes Cogniat, although he felt ill-suited in this new role in a foreign country whose language he could not yet speak. Words do not have the power to describe Chagall's color, its spirituality, its singing quality, its dazzling luminosity, its ever more subtle flow, and its sensitivity to the inflections of the soul and the transports of the imagination. He also began working in larger-scale formats, producing large murals, stained glass windows, mosaics and tapestries.[13]. They sculpt and animate the volume of the shapes... they indulge in flights of fancy and invention which add new perspectives and graduated, blended tones... His colors do not even attempt to imitate nature but rather to suggest movements, planes and rhythms. Secondo Chagall, "le stagioni rappresentano la vita umana, sia fisica che spirituale, nelle sue diverse epoche". Between 1908 and 1910, Chagall was a student of Léon Bakst at the Zvantseva School of Drawing and Painting. During his later years, as for instance in the "Bible series", subjects were more dramatic. He instead stayed in France, "painting ceaselessly", notes Baal-Teshuva. In 1963, Chagall was commissioned to paint the new ceiling for the Paris Opera (Palais Garnier), a majestic 19th-century building and national monument. Marc Chagall – “Lovers in the Lilacs” – 1930 – óleo sobre tela - 131.4 × 89.5 cm – The Metropolitan Museum of Art A história da obra "Lovers in the Lilacs" - Marc Chagall Marc Chagall (Vitebsk 1887–1985 Saint-Paul-de-Vence) foi um artista prolífico, cuja carreira se estendeu por muitas décadas. Some days he "felt like fleeing back to Russia, as he daydreamed while he painted, about the riches of Slavic folklore, his Hasidic experiences, his family, and especially Bella". [13]:170, He went back for good during the autumn of 1947, where he attended the opening of the exhibition of his works at the Musée National d'Art Moderne.[23]. Un universo che interpretava le sfaccettature di una realtà difficile, fatta di … "[14]:15 Sweeney adds that "if you ask Chagall to explain his paintings, he would reply, 'I don't understand them at all. View Marc Chagall’s 38,528 artworks on artnet. One of the panels depicts Moses receiving the Torah, with rays of light from his head. The vitality and joy of his paintings and his genius as a colorist won him the admiration of critics and laymen alike. "Unanimously, the press declared Chagall's new work to be a great contribution to French culture." Il Ministro sovietico della cultura Lunačarskij lo nominò Commissario dell'arte per la regione di Vitebsk, dove fondò una "Libera Accademia d'Arte" e il Museo di arte moderna; non ebbe tuttavia successo nella politica del governo dei soviet. [61] Chagall designed three tapestries for the state hall of the Knesset in Israel, along with 12-floor mosaics and a wall mosaic.[62]. In 1985, the Royal Academy in London presented a major retrospective which later traveled to Philadelphia. Chagall vi si dedicò con entusiasmo per tutto il decennio, tanto da intraprendere appositamente un viaggio sui luoghi delle vicende narrate dai Testi Sacri, tra Egitto, Siria e Palestina: da questo momento in poi, la Bibbia occuperà l'intera produzione artistica dell'autore, che ne fornirà un'interpretazione pur mediata dall'influenza delle avanguardie francesi. Cogniat describes how Chagall's designs "immerse the spectator in a luminous, colored fairy-land where forms are mistily defined and the spaces themselves seem animated with whirlwinds or explosions. "[19] Lewis adds, "As cosmopolitan an artist as he would later become, his storehouse of visual imagery would never expand beyond the landscape of his childhood, with its snowy streets, wooden houses, and ubiquitous fiddlers... [with] scenes of childhood so indelibly in one's mind and to invest them with an emotional charge so intense that it could only be discharged obliquely through an obsessive repetition of the same cryptic symbols and ideograms... "[7]. During the closing ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, a Chagall-like float with clouds and dancers passed by upside down hovering above 130 costumed dancers, 40 stilt-walkers and a violinist playing folk music. Intorno alla fine degli anni '50 Chagall comincia a produrre arazzi e soprattutto vetrate: le prime sono quelle del battistero per la chiesa di Notre-Dame-de-Toute-Grace ad Assy, poi quelle per la cattedrale di Metz. Marc Chagall (1887-1985) scrisse "La mia vita" in lingua russa tra il 1921 e il 1922, poco prima di lasciare definitivamente Mosca dopo l'esperienza esaltante e dolorosa della Rivoluzione, e nello stesso periodo compose i disegni che accompagnano il testo. In 1969, Israel produced a stamp depicting his King David painting. Nel 1937 acquisì la cittadinanza francese; durante l'occupazione nazista in Francia nella Seconda guerra mondiale e a seguito della deportazione degli Ebrei e dell'Olocausto, gli Chagall fuggirono da Parigi e si nascosero presso Villa Air-Bel a Marsiglia; il giornalista americano Varian Fry li aiutò poi nella fuga verso la Spagna e il Portogallo.
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